Japan essays

Japan expositions The Political, Economical, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Japan Japan has an especially homogeneous culture. Truth be told, both racially and socially, Japan is the most homogeneous of the universes significant countries. This circumstance has permitted Japan to Westernize its economy but then keep up a one of a kind feeling of personality. It started in 1639, when Japans rulers start to see the transformation of thousands of Japanese to Catholicism by Portuguese evangelists and by the potential for dissenters to shape military coalitions with outside countries that smothered Christianity and Japan fixed the island structure the remainder of the world. It was not until 1853 with the appearance of an American maritime group under Commander Matthew Perry that Japan was opened to the outside world. The Japanese had built up a solid feeling of national awareness and pride in their own way of life. The Japanese acknowledged in the 1860's that they needed to receive Western innovation, to modernize their general public if they somehow managed to stay a way from Western mastery. Their way of life had the option to assimilate remote impacts without losing its uniqueness. Accordingly, the Japanese substantiated themselves amazingly adaptable in acquiring from different societies while keeping up their own. Japan is generally a white collar class society. Those at the base of the social scale are either outsiders, Koreans, or local Japanese. Japanese consider themselves having a place with a generally tactless society, despite the fact that they are predominantly a white collar class society. Many regular workers Japanese position themselves as white collar class as a result of Japans flourishing in the 1980's, which permitted them to appreciate significant level of utilization of merchandise and ventures. Consequently their feeling of prosperity expanded their self appraisal of class position. An expected four percent of Japans populace qualifies as privileged. The high society comprises of the individuals who run the huge partnerships, the moderate government officials, and senior civil servants that collab... <! Japan papers Japan is additionally an exceptionally thankful and refined nation. Japan has an enormous, best in class library in for all intents and purposes each significant city The Japanese, who place high an incentive on instruction, go to one of more than 60 national colleges or the innumerable other private organizations there. The Japanese likewise are admirers of a wide range of sports. Baseball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, and skiing are for the most part common top choices Japan is a wondrous nation loaded up with a rich social legacy and numerous traditions that are not quite the same as those in the western world. The traditions in Japan have made numerous dos and donts that make travel to Japan intriguing. Numerous Americans have been liable of social numbness when in Japan..in Japan the religions of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Shinto exist. The Japanese have joined sanctums into their homes empowering them to revere individually and own terms. The Japanese visit familial gravesites ceremonially and have a custom of regarding their dead. Truth be told every year in August the Japanese go on vacation for giving proper respect to there dead. Individuals run to the burial grounds to visit familial graves, imploring and at times in any event, requesting direction in their lives.One of the social traditions in Japan is drinking purpose throughout the winter. This amazing mixed refreshment is produced using rice. Purpose speaks to the wonder of win ter and the customs of Japan. Another conventional beverage ofJapan is hot tea which is standard year around unsweetened and without milk. Anybody visiting a Japanese or Hibachi eatery will be served tea consequently, anyway there is no compelling reason to stress over the tip with respect to lodgings and cafés as of now include a 10 15 % administration charge to the bill. Other social traditions in Japan remember seating for suppers for the floor and getting a charge out of numerous social pleasures, one being crude fish sushi. It is standard to take off your shoes when entering a structure, to bow after welcome, to resp ... <! Japan expositions SPORTS Japan has numerous games. Some resemble our own and some are most certainly not. Some Japanese practice hand to hand fighting. A couple of training Aikido. Aikido is an act of smooth developments. Aikido is drilled to clear your brain. Judo and Karate are rehearsed basically for self preservation. They require quick sharp developments. Different games incorporate baseball, b-ball, golf and skiing. SCHOOLS Japan's schools resemble some other school you would see here in the U.S.A. There is just a single distinction. They communicate in Japanese. In Japan, understudies go to all year school. All year school is the place they go the school throughout the entire year. Japanese children, as you can envision are most likely more intelligent than us. JAPANESE POETRY Japan has given the world numerous wonderful things. Their way of life., conventions and impact have contacted about each part of our lives. The most appreciated, nonetheless, must be in their specialty, regardless of whe ther it is works of art, engineering, theaters, nurseries or verse. For a long time, Japanese artists have composed an exceptional type of verse called Haiku. A Haiku is a short stanza about nature. There is consistently an extraordinary example in the quantity of stanzas. The principal line contains five syllables, the subsequent line contains three syllables and the third line has five. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Japan has an administration simply like our own. In Japan urban communities resemble states. There is an Emperor and there is a representative. The urban areas vote in favor of the administration. The eating routine makes Japan's laws. The eating routine comprises of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. The House of Councilors is comprised of 500 and eleven individuals. The House of Counselors is comprised of 200 and fifty two part. Japan's most noteworthy court is the Supreme Court. There is a Chief of Justice who the sovereign designates. At that point the re are the fourteen different adjudicators who the bureau casts a ballot in. Japan's Armed Forces battle just whenever assaulted first. They keep up air to surface correspondence for self protection. They likewise keep up a n ... <! Japan papers e.) Natural Resources and Land Usage The island of Japan (145,826 sq. mi.) is situated in the North Pacific Ocean. It is limited by on the north by the Sea of Okhotsk, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, and on the west by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Japan is comprised of four islands: Hokkaido, Kyushu, Honshu, and Shikoku. The Entire nation is littler than the territory of Montana. Honshu is the biggest island of the four. It is an uneven island and highlights the Japanese Alps, which is home to Mount Fuji, Japans most noteworthy pinnacle. These Alps additionally harbor numerous dynamic and latent volcanoes. The Kanto Plain, the biggest marsh in the nation spreads from the Alps. Hokkaido, the northernmost and second biggest island is brimming with forested mountains and slopes. Albeit huge in size, Hokkaido just has about 5% of the country living there. The precarious, walled intensely forested mountains that run down the focal point of the island describe Kyushu. Kyushu has moving slopes, wide fields and doesnt have a lot of prolific farmland. Numerous mountains and slopes cross up Shikoku, Japans littlest island. The atmosphere in Japan is commonly mellow. Be that as it may, the temperature for every island changes. For example, in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, the winters are generally sharply cold and the summers are short. In Kyushu, Shikoku, and southern Honshu, the summers are long and sticky and winters are gentle. All zones in Japan are liable to in any event 40 creeps of downpour a year. Tropical storms are basic in pre-fall late-summer. Japan is home to in excess of 17,000 specie ... <! japan articles In Japan And Its World, by Marius B. Jansen, Jansen depicts the changing thoughts the Japanese have had of themselves and the Western world just as the thoughts the Americans has had of the Japanese. The Japanese have needed to adjust to an alternate world but go from a frail nation to a significant force in todays world. In the book Japan From Shogun To Sony, by John R. Roberson, Roberson basically talks about a short history of Japan. He likewise examines Japans difficulties and what it needed to defeat to make it own free status on the planet today. Its distinction from Japan And Its World is that Jansen manages the thoughts affordable status of Japan, while Roberson manages a more noteworthy history. Oda Nobunaga accomplished authority over the territory of Owari in 1559. The same number of other daimyo, he was sharp in joining Japan. Deliberately well found, he prevailing with regards to catching the capital in 1568. Subsequent to building up himself in Kyoto, Nobunaga kept on disposing of his foes. Among them were some aggressor Buddhist camps, particularly the Ikko camp that had gotten extremely incredible in a few territories. Nobunaga demolished the Enryakuji religious community close to Kyoto totally in 1571. His battle against the Ikko organization proceeded until 1580. Or maybe blessed was Nobunaga concerning two of his most perilous adversaries in the East: Takeda Shingen and Uyesugi Kenshin. Them two passed on before they had the option to go up against Nobunaga. After Shingen's demise, Nobunaga crushed the Takeda tribe in the skirmish of Nagashino (1575), utilizing present day fighting. In 1582, general Akechi killed Nobunaga and caught his Azuchi mansion. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a general battling for Nobunaga, responded immediately, vanquished Akechi, and took over control. Hideyoshi kept on dispensing with outstanding adversaries. He limited the Northern areas and Shikoku in 1583 and Kyushu in 1587. In the wake of crushing the Hojo family in Odawara in 1590, Japan was at last rejoined. So as to... <! Japan articles Japan is an island in East Asia. It is situated in the North Pacific Ocean. Japan has four principle islands; Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, in addition to there are numerous littler islands. The all out territory of Japan is 145,884 square miles. The four principle islands make up around 95 percent of Japans an area. The staying 5 percent is the in excess of 3,000 littler islands. The fundamental islands stretch around 1,2

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable For each respectable site, there are handfuls crammed with data that is incorrect, questionable or downright nutty. For the unwary, unpracticed journalistâ or scientist, such destinations can introduce a minefield of potential issues. In view of that, here are eight different ways to tell if a site is solid. 1. Search for Sites from Established Institutions The web is brimming with sites that were begun five minutes prior. What you need are locales related with confided in organizations that have been around for a little while and have a demonstrated reputation of unwavering quality and trustworthiness. Such locales may incorporate those run by government offices, non-benefit organizations,â foundations, or schools and colleges. 2. Search for Sites with Expertise You wouldnt go to an auto specialist on the off chance that you broke your leg, and you wouldnt go to the emergency clinic to have your vehicle fixed. Im making a conspicuous point: Look for sites that have some expertise in the sort of data youre looking for. So if youre composing a story on an influenza episode, look at clinical sites, for example, the Centers for Disease Control, etc. 3. Avoid Commercial Sites Destinations run by organizations and business - their sites typically end in .com - are as a general rule attempting to sell you something. Also, if theyre attempting to sell you something, odds are whatever data theyre introducing will be tilted for their item. This shouldn't imply that corporate destinations ought to be prohibited totally. Be that as it may, be vigilant. 4. Be careful with Bias Journalists expound a great deal on governmental issues, and there are a lot of political sites out there. However, a considerable lot of them are controlled by bunches that have a predisposition for one ideological group or reasoning. A moderate site isnt prone to report impartially on a liberal government official, and the other way around. Avoid locales with a political issue and rather search for ones that are non-factional. 5. Check the Date As a columnist you needâ the most forward-thinking data accessible, so if a site appears to be old, its presumably best to stay away. One approach to check - search for a keep going refreshed date on the page or site. 6. Considerâ the Sites Look On the off chance that a site looks ineffectively structured and crude, odds are it was made by beginners. Stay away. In any case, be cautious - in light of the fact that a site is expertly structured doesnt mean its dependable. 7. Stay away from Anonymous Authors Articles or studies whose writers are named are regularly - however not generally - more dependable than works created secretly. It bodes well: If somebody is eager to put their name on something theyve composed, odds are they remain by the data it contains. What's more, on the off chance that you have the name of the creator, you can generally Google them to check their accreditations. 8. Check the Links Trustworthy sites regularly connection to one another. You can discover which different sites connect to the site youre looking into by directing a connection explicit Google search. Enter the accompanying content into the Google search field, supplanting [WEBSITE] with the area of the webpage youre exploring: link:[WEBSITE].com The indexed lists will give you which sites connect to the one youre inquiring about. On the off chance that loads of destinations are connecting to your site, and those locales appear to be trustworthy, at that point that is a decent sign.

Interview paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meeting paper - Assignment Example noticed that she didn’t see herself as a strict individual, since she accepted that religion and church were optional things and her confidence was the most significant for her. In any case, she called herself Presbyterian, as she has been brought up in this religion admission by her folks and just became acclimated to recognize herself with it. Presbyterian Church is one of the most various Protestant admissions on the domain of the United States. Alabama State, where Sarah lives with her family, is generally possessed by Protestants and Presbyterian Church orders an enormous piece of protestant populace of the state (Balmer and Winner 290). At the point when we began discussing the religion itself Sarah said that some time ago she thought about changing her religion into Catholicism, since her couldn't help thinking that a religion ought to bring order and she accepted that it must have more customs and strict conventions. Nonetheless, in some time she understood that the fundamental preferred position of her religion was that it didn’t require any mediums and even didn’t require going to chapel so as to interface with the Lord. Presbyterian Church has two principle ceremonial services which are the function of Christianizing and the favored law (Balmer and Winner 290). Sarah was Christianized when she turned 21, as indicated by her congregation convention, every parishioner should come to Jesus without anyone else and the function should represent beginning of the connections between the Lord and an individual. In this way when she was 21 years of age Sarah understood that she was prepared to set up these connections and that she was certain beyond a shadow of a doubt about the way that her confidence was not going to be changed ever. Concerning the foundations of her confidence Sarah is considered to have extremely run of the mill for Protestantism convictions about God and His place in her life. She accepts that her confidence is guided by Holy Bible and that what is composed there is the essential fact of the matter. At whatever point Sarah doesn’t comprehend what to do in any circumstance of her life,

Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond - 825 Words

Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond (Essay Sample) Content: Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond Name:Institution:Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond Introduction Economic Meaning of Recession Recession is defined as a period characterized by falling economic activities that are spread across the economy. These periods normally last for a few months. The effects of the slowed economy are felt in the real gross domestic product (real GDP), employment, real income, industrial production and also in the wholesale and retail sales. The above factors are the indicators that are observed to determine whether there is a recession in the economy (Krugman, 2009).Fiscal policies Fiscal policy regards the application of taxation and expenditure of the government to influence or impact the economy. This is effective when the government makes a decision on the services and goods it wants to purchase, its transfer paymen ts that it distributes and the taxes that it collects. The basic economic impact of the government changes in the budget is felt by a certain group. For instance, in case of a cut in the amount of tax paid by some families who have children, it increases their amount of disposable income (Buti, 2003).The fiscal policies majorly concentrates on the impacts of the government budget changes in the general economy. The fiscal policies are said to be contractionary or tight when the amount of revenue is more than that used in the government spending. That is, when there is a surplus in the government budget (Buti, 2003). The fiscal policies are as well said to be expansionary or loose when the amount of government spending is higher than that of revenue. In this case, the budget is said to be in deficit. In this case, the focus is on the deficit change and not in the level of change.Monetary policiesMonetary policy constitutes influencing or affecting the availability and the credit cos t and money to promote or encourage a healthy economy. The Fed constitutes the monetary policy authority of the U.S (United States). The Fed has no authority, directly, to control inflation, employment, or output or set the long-term rates of interest. However, it affects these fundamental variables of the economy indirectly principally via its control over the funds rate of the Fed. The most frequently applied monetary policy tool by the Fed is the open market operations (Correia, Nicolini, Teles, 2003).The aggregate demand level is also affected by the fiscal policy. The government meets most of its expenses by issuing bonds when it runs short of cash. This means that the government competes for money with the private borrowers for the monies that are loaned by individual private borrowers. This will crowd out private investments. This works to reduce the fraction of the amount of output that composes the private investment (Buti, 2003).The use of fiscal and monetary policy in the restoration of economic growth and reducing the unemployment levelA free market economy was long supposed that it would be capable of functioning well without any interference from the government. It is still worth noting that the free market economy does not establish the demand for goods and services automatically. Before the year 2008 recession, there was a lot of believe in the quantity theory regarding money. The Federal Reserve was thought to be in a position of preventing any form of future busts and booms. The economic slowdown of the year 2008 shattered such hopes. This led to an augmented stress in the fiscal policy (Grusky, Western, Wimer, 2011).During the year 2008 economic meltdown, the Federal government undertook proactive actions in order to steer the economy. The federal government used its powers and increased the aggregate demand by increasing its amount of spending. This created an easy money form of environment that stimulated the economy through more creat ion of jobs and increased prosperity among the American people. Additionally, the Fed (Federal Reserve) board applied very powerful tools to restore the prosperity of the American economy. The buying/purchasing and selling/offering of the United States government bonds, that is, the open market operation, which had the effect of increasing the supply of money within the economy. In this case, the federal government raised the price of bonds and decreased the interest rate. This encouraged more Americans to sell off their bonds at a higher price to at least benefit from the increased price and not to suffer from continuing to hold onto these bonds that would yield less interest (United States, Congress. Joint Economic Committee, 2008). Consequently, the aggregate effect was an increased amount of money in circulation. The federal government influenced the restoration of the economy by the use of the reserve requirements. This was effected by reducing the amount of the reserve requir ements. This meant that more cash was then available to be lent out to the American people. The final...

Fin 415 Coca-Cola Risk Management - 2525 Words

Coca-Cola Risk Management Plan Proposal Fin/415 Coca-Cola Risk Management Plan Proposal The final project for team B focuses on a risk management plan for the Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola Company took shape in 1886 and remains an international leader in beverage manufacturing and distribution with the company’s background beginning this plan proposal. Risk identification plays a major role in Coke’s continued success with an explanation of the importance of correct identification as well as a list of risks facing the company continuing this summary. A discussion follows regarding the importance of accurate and balanced methods of risks measurement and continues into risk management techniques that include auditing and hedging.†¦show more content†¦6). Other risk factors identified include obesity concerns primarily in the United States, which may reduce the demand for some products. Water scarcity and poor quality could negatively affect Coca-Cola’s system production cost and capacity as well as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rate effects on financial results as further risk factors. Increased competition and the relationship between bottling partners such as financial conditions possibly deteriorating could affect financial results forming other risk factors. An increase in the cost of energy affecting profitability and changes in laws and regulations relating to packaging could increase cost reducing demand for product. Unfavorable economic and political conditions, litigation or legal proceedings exposing significant liabilities, weather conditions, changes in the regulatory environment, and changes in accounting standards and taxation requirements, and global and regional catastrophic events cont inue as possible risk factors capable of affecting operations (Coca-Cola, 2009). Considering these identified risks supports Coca-Cola in future decisions involving risk measurement. Risk Measurement Techniques As regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, Coke maintains an independent auditor to evaluate all accounts and oversee the earnings and financial reports. Risk measurementShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Plan Proposal986 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Management Plan Proposal FIN/415 Background of organization Pepsi Co is a global food and beverage leader with net revenues of more than $65 billion (Pepsico.com, 2012). Pepsi Co began its life in the summer of 1893. In 1893 Caleb Bradham invented â€Å"Brad’s Drink† or Pepsi Cola as it is called today (Pepsistore.com, 2012). By 1898 Caleb Bradham bought a trade name of â€Å"Pep Cola† from a competitor who had gone out of business. On December 24, 1902 the PepsiRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesinto the final version. Chapter 1: Introduction to Valuation Chapter 2: Approaches to Valuation Chapter 3: Understanding Financial Statements Chapter 4: The Basics of Risk Chapter 5: Option Pricing Theory and Models Chapter 6: Market Efficiency: Theory and Models Chapter 7: Riskless Rates and Risk Premiums Chapter 8: Estimating Risk Parameters and Costs of Financing Chapter 9: Measuring Earnings Chapter 10: From Earnings to Cash Flows Chapter 11: Estimating Growth Chapter 12: Closure in Valuation:Read MoreFinancial Ratio Analysis11306 Words   |  46 Pagesand development of product lines resulted in Pfizer moving to Manhatten in 1868 to support its rapid growth; the headquarters remained there for nearly a century. In 1880 Pfizer created citric acid and quickly becomes the leading product as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola gain popularity and demand more of it. This marks another turning point in growth for Pfizer as citric acid launches this company into another market. 1899 marks the 50th anniversary of Pfizer Inc producing high-quality products in anRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership

Essay on Virtue Ethics - 900 Words

Virtue, when I hear that word I think of value and morality and only good people can be virtuous. When I hear the word ethics I think of good versus evil, wrong and right. Now when the two are put together you get virtue ethics. You may wonder what can virtue ethics possibly mean. It’s just two words put together to form some type of fancy theory. Well this paper will discuss virtue ethics and the philosophy behind it. Virtue ethics is a theory that focuses on character development and what virtues one should obtain to be who they are supposed to be, as oppose to actions. An example of virtue ethics would be someone who is patient, kind, loving, generous, temperance, courage and flourishing as oppose to a person who lies, cheats, and†¦show more content†¦Moral relativism explains a point that when it comes to morals, right or wrong, people have their own opinion. Not everyone will think something is bad and not everyone will think something is good. The difference between moral relativism and virtue ethics is that actions do not matter. It is the type of person you are on the inside. Who you are on the inside will help you make righteous decisions, regardless of the circumstances. â€Å"An ethics focused on virtue encourages us to develop the good traits and get rid of the bad ones (Mackinnon).† Virtue ethics was written by a Greek philosopher names Aristotle. Aristotle believed that every human’s goal was happiness. Some philosophers argued that happiness only came from following a set of rules, while Aristotle argued that the best way to have happiness is to cultivate a virtuous character. The two kinds of virtues he recognized were moral virtue and intellectual virtue. The virtue that should be focused on to develop a virtuous character is moral virtue. According to Aristotle, while we are born with a capacity to be virtuous, being virtuous is like a skill that we need to learn and practice to be good at. The key element to being virtuous is being able to find the mean or right amount of our various emotions, dispositions, and actions. Aristotle wrote: â€Å"Anybody can become angry- that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and forShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics1796 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough Hursthouse accepts that virtue ethics ‘†¦cannot tell us what we should do’, she nonetheless reasons in a different way to show how virtue ethics aids us. Furthermore, Hursthouse would refute virtue ethics being insufficiently action-guiding because we have v-rules in the form of virtues and vices to provide action-guidance (Hursthouse, 1999). Elizabeth Anscombe in ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958) also contributed to virtue ethics and put forward the idea that modern moral philosophy is misguidedRead MoreVirtue Ethics And Care Ethics1938 Words   |  8 Pagesparticular—virtue ethics and care ethics, have continued to catch much attention since the mid-twentieth century. Although each of these theories are often associated with one another, they both contain their own distinct philosophies. As a result, it is important to clearly understand what each theory entails before concluding that one is derived from the other. Although virtue ethics and care ethics share similar beliefs and rejections, virtue ethics is clearly separate from care ethics. VirtueRead MoreVirtue Ethics1184 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Virtue ethics is a theory used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. The main philosopher of Virtue Ethics is Aristotle. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek times. Aristotle was a great believer in virtues and the meaning of virtue to him meant being able to fulfil ones functions. Virtue ethics is not so much interested in the question What should I do? but rather in theRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics1502 Words   |  7 PagesVirtue ethics is a philosophical theory that focuses on what sort of person one should be, instead of on actions. Aristotle focuses greatly on virtue ethics in his writing, and is a strong believer in a moral person being one of virtue. He is seen as the person whodeveloped the theory. Unlike some of the other ethical theories, virtue ethics focuses on what makes a life moral, not so much how to become moral, or behave morally. For example, utilitarianism questions how one should act in certain situationsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics925 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue ethics is a normative theory whose foundations were laid by Aristotle. This theory approaches normative ethics in substantially different ways than consequentialist and deontological theories. In this essay, I will contrast and compare virtue ethics to utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kantianism to demonstrate these differences. There is one fundamental aspect of virtue ethics that sets it apart from the other theories I will discuss. For the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, I willRead MoreEthics Of Caring And Virtue910 Words   |  4 PagesEthics of Caring and Virtue Ethics of virtue is the belief that if a person wants to be considered good, they do good things (Pollock, 1988). In ethics of virtue, happiness is always the outcome of a situation. The main premise of virtue theory lies upon three main principles; virtues, practical wisdom and eudemonia. A virtue is a mean state which lays between two vices. A virtue is a characteristic a virtuous person possesses, for example courage. Courage is a virtue which lays between cowardiceRead MoreEthics, Deontological, And Virtue1690 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, we are all expected to be more open-minded and respecting of others way of life and culture. That’s what being a Global Citizen is about. Through Global Ethics we have learned so far, that we can all relate to three important moral theories. These theories are known as Consequentialist (Utilitarian), Deontological, and Virtue. Through this paper I will also be discussing a case study found in chapter two, based on the Selling of Human Body Parts, and how it’s seen through the lenses ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Virtue Ethics Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages‘Virtue ethics’, is an agent-centred approach in normative ethics that stresses the importance of moral characters and virtues, which is unlike the two other major approaches in the field (Hursthouse, 2013) . Deontology rather emphasises the use of duties and rules, and utilitarianism emphasises the importance of consequences of one’s actions (Hursthouse, 2001). Aristotle’s (2009) theory of virtue ethics is the most widely recognised, he believes that the virtuous person is one who exhibits desirableRead MoreWhy Is Virtue Ethics?1881 Words   |  8 PagesWhen considering virtue ethics, the focus of an individual’s morality is based on their character rather than any one of their specific actions. When confronted with a difficult situation virtue ethicist would strive to always act virtuously, or as someone with idea l character traits would. Aristotle defined these ideal character traits as traits that are derived â€Å"from natural internal tendencies†, and that these traits â€Å"need to be nurtured; however, once established, they will become stable.† [1]Read MoreAn Argument On Virtue Ethics Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pageswould do. However, this response fails to recognize that certainty is not just In this paper, I will critically examine Rosalind Hursthouse’s argument on â€Å"Virtue Ethics† about the reasoning of a virtuous person by delving into the topic. I will then expose a particular problem within it. Perhaps the strongest point of the argument on â€Å"Virtue Ethics† that Hursthouse gives relies on the claim of moral philosophy. Moral philosophy claims that a virtuous person would act and make decisions like what a virtuous

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereo Essay Example For Students

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereo Essay typing. Critically evaluate the cognitive theory of stereotyping. B231: Social Interaction, Exam Paper 1998, Question 4. Graeme GordonStereotyping is a form of pre judgement that is as prevalent in todays society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorisation is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a depressing dilemma. Browns (1995) definition of stereotyping through prejudice is the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership to that group. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyches within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as thinking ill of others without warrant, is that people make their mind up without any personal experience. This pre judgement about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatisation of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorisation and the above definitions that bring about three distinct features of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through. The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalisation. A number of studies conducted found that different combinations of traits were associated with groups of different ethnic and national origin (Katz and Braly, 1933). However, stereotyping does not imply that all members of a group are judged in these ways, just that a typical member of a group can be categorised in such judgements, that they possess the characteristics of the group. Still, when we talk of a group, we do so by imagining a member of that group. The second feature and characteristic of stereotyping is the exaggeration of the difference between ones own group (the in-group) and the other group (the out-group). This can be traced back to the work of Tajfel during the 1950s the accentuation principle (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfels work was specifically on physical stimuli, and concluded that judgements on such stimuli are not made in isolation, but in the context of other factors. Applied socially a judgement about an out-group relies upon other factors surrounding the judgement in question, as well as making a statement about the in-group and the relationship between the two groups. Through stereotyping and categorisation we exaggerate the differences between the groups. From this comes the effect that in believing an out-group is homogenous, through exaggerated differences, their in-group is not with very much less over-generalisation taking place (Linville, et al., 1986). The third characteristic of stereotyping is that of the expression of values. Most stereotypical judgements of group characteristics are in fact moral evaluations (Howitt, et al., 1989). For example, Katz and Braly (1933) studied a group of students attitudes to towards minority groups. They found that Jews were attributed to being mean (in terms of money), rather than they themselves being spendthrifts. Also, they found that there was a strong view that French people were excitable. This actually implies that they are over-excitable above the norm, as everybody is excitable, per se, and thus there would be no necessity to mention it. Concluding from this, it is valid to say that a value has been put on a characteristic in this case, a stereotypical one. A criticism with much of this research is that participants are asked to make judgements out of social context in abstract situations. Howitt, et al. (1989) say that this leads to a derogatory implication: that attributing a group with a characteristic is also withholding others. However, stereotyping leads to more than merely placing an adjective onto a group or category. The cognitive processes that give reason to stereotyping are much deeper than this, giving rise to the above characteristics. The cognitive approach to stereotyping is that we all stereotype, at varying levels because of the essential cognitive process of categorisation (Brown, 1995). Howitt, et al. (1989) take this view also, and add that it is an ordinary process of thought to over-generalise, and then protect it. We live in a complex social environment, which we need to simplify into groups, or categories. This simplification is present at all levels of life it is part of our language, distinguishing between dog and cat, male and female, and even in the basic motives of distinguishing between food and non-food. Such categorisation may seem linguistically simple, but is essential for example, the classification of elements and organisms by biologists and chemists: one of the most basic functions of all organisms is the cutting up of the environment into classifications (Rosch, et al., 1976). However, the point must be made that, even though language suggests so, categorisation leads to different functions and features in non-humans and humans. For stereotyping is not present in non-humans, thus, we may come to the conclusion that stereotyping is possible through linguistics this topic is discussed further later. This categorisation also has varying depths of moral meaning, or value, which c an lead to varying levels of stereotyping. For example, the categorisation of Catholic Protestant in Northern Ireland. Categorisation is seen as a way of ordering what we perceive (Billig, 1985), stimuli of the external world that needs to be simplified, using iconic images, to pass into our short-term memory (Neisser, 1976). This simplification process transforms James blooming, buzzing confusion into a more manageable world in which it is easier to adapt categorisation is a cognitive adaptation. For we do not have the capability to respond differently to each stimulus, whether it be a person, an object, or an event. Categorisation is important in every day life, as well as in the most extreme of circumstances for example, the discrimination between friend and foe. For categorisation to be useful, we enhance the difference between groups. This was found to be the case at both social and physical levels, and later became known as the accentuation principle (see above). However, the distinction between physical stimuli and social objects must be made clear. We ourselves our social objects, thus, we are implicated by such categorisations. As Hogg and Abrams (1988) state: it would be perilous to disregard this consideration. This can be seen in the accentuation of out-group homogeneity (Park and Rothbart, 1982). Cardiac Phsiology EssayWe are aware of the possibility and ability to change. However, we do not express this flexibility because it is a disruption of the norm, or, of the social group-thought. Goffman (1959) views everyday life as dramaturgical (All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players Shakespeare). To disrupt this would be to change the script, and break out of the conformity of the social group, self-to-self and to others. Even so, this illustrates that through our ability to categorise, we have the ability to particularise and do more with the stimuli than accumulate more instances of predetermined categories (Billig, 1985). In Billigs alternative approach to stereotyping, he also raises the point of category selection a problem that cognitive psychologists have often overlooked. Tversky and Gati (1978) found that different stimuli are judged on their similarities and differences before categorisation and this judgement can be different depending on wh at way the stimuli is perceived. Billigs point is that we must particularise before categorising and thus a link has been formed. Categorisation implies a rigidity in our cognition. Stereotypes, by nature, are over generalisations. Such inflexibility is not a possible process of our cognition categorisation do not exist in isolation (Billig, 1985). As categorisation leads to many categories, through its definition, surely only one such category could possibly be so rigid and inflexible, as other categories must be used by it, and thus be flexible. Therefore, categorisation is not a rigid process, but involves change which is reflective of our cognition and change is possible (conflicting with Allports definition). The difference between two groups affects other attributes of the out-group, including those that are similar to the in-group. By subdividing further such similarities, we are initiating a defence against change in our attitudes and categories. This inventiveness is another example of the flexibility of categorisation. In the most extreme cases, this can lead to an inventiveness demonstrated by racial theorists, which in fact, contradicts their prejudice and rigidity of categories. This flexibility can be illustrated further by studies that have shown that in stereotyping, people imply that most of a group posses a stereotypic trait but not all members. Thus, is the need for special cases, realisation of individualisation and tolerance (Billig, 1985). According to the cognitive approach, stereotyping is a group process. It may occur in groups, but it is the individual psyches that make up the group, that project their stereotypes through a group. We do have the ability to see people as individuals and particularise their unique characteristics. We can change, as even categorisation is flexible, which undermines the cognitive approach with categorisation, although it may take time on a social level. To conclude, the cognitive approach alone does not give us an understanding of stereotyping. However, it does anchor the fact that through our natural thought processes we do categorise, which leads to stereotyping. It also highlights the importance of the individual and the group. There are, however, problems that have been overlooked by cognitive psychologists which we need to understand, in order to fully understand the changing dynamics and nature of stereotyping in our society (Howitt, et al., 1989). There is also the need to look further than the causes of stereotyping and into its effects in order to understand the processes of our thought, of stereotyping. ReferencesALLPORT, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. London: Addison-Wesley. BILLIG, M. (1985). Prejudice, categorisation and particularisation: From a perceptual rhetorical approach, European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 70-103. BROWN, R. (1995). Prejudice. Oxford: Blackwell and Cambridge, Massachusetts. DUNCAN, B.L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping blacks, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598. ESSED, P. (1988). Understanding verbal accounts of racism: Politics and heuristics of reality constructions, Text, 8, 5-40. HAMILTON, D.L. (1979). A cognitive attributional analysis of stereotyping, In: Berkovitz, L. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Psychology, Vol. 12, Academic Press, New York. HOGG, M.A. ABRAMS, D. (1988). Social identifications, London: Routledge. HORWITZ, M. RABBIE, J.M. (1982). Individuality and membership in the intergroup system, pp.241-274, In: Tajfel, H. (ed.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. HOWITT, D., BILLIG, M., CRAMER, D., EDWARDS, D., KNIVETON, B., POTTER, J. RADLEY, A. (1989). Social psychology: Conflict and continuities, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, and Philadelphia. JONES, E.E., WOOD, G.C. QUATTRONE, G.A. (1981). Perceived variability of personal characteristics in in-groups and out-groups: the role of knowledge and evaluation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 523-528. KATZ, D. BRALY, K. (1993). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 175-93. LINVILLE, P.W., SALOVEY, P. FISCHER, G.W. (1986). Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to in-group out-group perceptions, In: Dovido, J.F. and Gaertner, S.L. (eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism, Orlando, FL: Academic Press. NEISSER, U. (1976). Cognition and reality, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. PARK, B., ROTHBART, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorisation: memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1031-1068. ROSCH, E., MERVIS, C.B., GRAY, W.D., JOHNSON, D.M. BAYES-BRAEM, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories, Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382-439. TAJFEL, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BACK TO MAIN PAGE Psychology

The Economy Of The Phillipines Essay Example For Students

The Economy Of The Phillipines Essay Per Capita Income: Since I am the first person reporting, I would like to explain what per capita income means. The per capita income of a certain country is the GDP of that country divided by the total population. In the Phillipines the per capita income is approximately $700. When compared to the per capita income of the United States, which is about $22,000, it is easy to tell that the economy of the Phillipines is ver poor. GDP: Growth: 5.7%GDP= 82.8% FROM AGRICULTURE: 17.1 IMPORTANT% FROM MANUFACTURING: 18.9% FROM SERVICES: 39.2 MOST IMPORTANT% FROM GOVERNMENT: 7.9Exports: Traditionally, the Phillipines has been primarily an exporter of raw materials and an importer of manufactured goods. This is the role that many third world countries play in the global economy. Electronic and automotive parts, along with garments are the leading merchandise exports of the country. However, the Phillipines also relies heavily on import inputs. The country also exports bananas, coconuts, copper, gold, lumber, pineapples and sugar. We will write a custom essay on The Economy Of The Phillipines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Imports: The Phillipines mostly imports manufactured goods. Certain items remain subject to import regulations such as narcotic drugs, firearems, ammunition, etc. Their chief imports include chemicals, machinery, and petroleum. Trading Partners: The Phillipines, like any other country, cannot produce everything that it needs. Instead, it relies heavily on foreign trade. Specialization in production allows for each nation to produce what it produces best, and to trade for products which it cannot produce as well (In case your teacher asks, this means that if you are better at one thing and I am better at another, rather than each of us trying to do both, we would each do what we are best at. Then, we would exchange what we had produced and both be better off than had we tried making both things on our own). It trades mainly with Japan and the United States. The Phillipines maintain high tariff rates and protective barriers on sensitive agricultural products. Major Economic Activities: The Phillipines has embarked on economic reforms and market liberalization measures in the past two years. As a result of this the Phillipines has started to show signs of recovery (FROM WHAT). Even though the unemployment rate is very high, it has dropped from 10.5% to 9.8%, a considerable move for a two year period. In the Phillipines, the minimum age for employment is 15. Their constitution prohibits forced labor. All workers have the right to join unions. The prices are generally determined by free market forces, with only a few exceptions. Conclusion: **IF THIS PROJECT IS ABOUT CAPITALISM AND FREE MARKETS**Although the Phillipines economy is weak, and the unemployment rate is high, the Phillipines is showing some signs of life. It has recently become a more open economy, allowing for more free trade and free market forces. As this process continues, trade with the Phillipines will increase, and eventually, a more capitalistic and successful economy will emerge.

Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology

Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology Introduction Psychology is a scientific subject that seeks to solve social, emotional, and mental problems in human beings. The most vital areas in psychology are the training/educational qualifications, theories, which influence the field, outstanding persons who contributed to the subject, the current ruling theories, and other motivating factors, which propel people to take up the career.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, gender bias is a phenomenon in the discipline of psychology that is still debatable. In terms of education, an individual has to undergo training for about ten years to qualify as a psychologist. Categorically, psychologists fall into three categories viz. psychiatrists, counselors, and clinicians. The three aforementioned specialists focus on the same field in the medical industry, bu t the education background and treatment techniques differ slightly. Therefore, anybody who aspires to qualify as a psychologist has to research on the education qualification of the above three specialists. The following discussion expounds on the important areas in psychology. Education and training of psychologists What are the education qualifications of a psychologist? The training differs depending on the area of specialization. An individual can train as a clinical psychologist, counselor or a psychiatrist in relation to his or her qualifications (Gray, 2010, p. 70). For instance, a clinical psychologist undergoes four-year training at the university level in a clinical environment (Hall Llewelyn, 2006, p.10). The next level of training takes about five to six years until he/she attains a doctorate degree. Internship training follows the education training after, which he/she qualifies for a medical license (Cheshire Pilgrim, 2004, p. 20). On the other hand, a counseling ps ychologist undergoes training for four years at a bachelorette level, but he/she specializes in the physiotherapeutic services. Furthermore, a counseling psychologist obtains an educational degree, in addition to the psychological training, plus a two-year internship program in order to qualify as a counselor. On the contrary, a psychiatrist has to qualify as a medical doctor and four-year internship program to enable him/her possesses a practicing license. More over, a psychiatrist can narrow down as a geriatric, child or adolescent specialist or concentrate on addiction cases (Gazzaniga, 2010, p.23).Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After obtaining psychological skills, an individual can qualify as a researcher, instructor, in addition to the medical qualifications. Incase an individual remains at the degree level he/she can qualify as a technician to the psychiatrist , a case management officer, specialize in rehabilitation cases or carry out counseling services. Therefore, training is one of the major areas in the psychological training. Major theories in psychology To gain a deeper understanding of psychology as a subject, students have to spend most of their time familiarizing with leading theories in the field. Therefore, which are the psychological theories? Which theories are still currently contributing to the study of the human mind and behavior (psychology)? The first theory is the behavioral theory, which states that the environment an individual lives in determines his/her behavior including the mental status and personal feelings and thoughts (Brain, 2002, p.70). According to theorists, one can train the human mind to adapt to specific conditions, but the mind is dynamic thus, personal behavior can change depending on the situation in hand (Skinner, 1974, p. 80). Through rewarding or punishing an individual his/her, behavior will eve ntually follow the desired route. Critics of the theory are against of its inability to account for the human thoughts, feeling, which come into place without external forces (Benjafield, 1996, p. 75). Despite putting pressure on an individual to behave in a specific way, he/she may do so but become defiant in the future. Similarly, the theory does not put into account on the ability of humans to learn devoid of punishment or rewards, which undoubtedly occurs. Some people are willing to learn, change and adapt to a new environment without reinforcing them. More over, people can acquire new habits incase new laws are put in place. Subsequently, they will discard the habits, which they had learned earlier. Nevertheless, the supporters of the theory recognize it as an observational behavior, which is easy to learn and quantify through using other participants. Through observing an individual, the psychologists can easily determine their behavioral outcomes. Sadly, the theory is not pop ular in the psychological industry, as it was in the 20th century. The second theory is the cognitive psychology, which focus on the sharpness, alertness and learning ability of the human mind (Hergenhahn, 2005, p. 50). The theory uses scientific techniques to assess the mentality of human beings putting in consideration the memory, attentiveness and intelligence levels.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Most important areas one should be familiar with in psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, the development theory discusses the growth of the human mind in terms of thoughts, learning ability and body development. The development theory fall into five classical namely the psychological and sexual growth, cognitive development, moral growth, social development and methods of parenting. All the above divisions contribute to the maturation of the human mind. Drifting away from the abnormality of the hu man behavior, the humanistic theory describes the wellness of human beings. The theory stresses on personal development of human beings. Self-authenticity, self-realization, and affirmation are some of the behaviors of the human mind. According to the psychologists, the human mental ability is naturally at its best, but the deviation from nature creates social, emotional, and mental break down. Critics are against the lack of quantification methods, which shows either the deviation or actualization of the human mind. However, according to the supporters the theory emphasizes on the individuals responsibility especially in taking charge of their lives. Furthermore, it combines both the external forces like environmental issues with the mind to ascertain individual’s behavior. Finally, the humanistic theory motivates individuals, especially children and adolescents, to fulfill their potential especially career wise. The personality theories describe the uniqueness of the human mind and behavior. Each person’s feelings differ from each other, but eventually the thoughts mould the individuals’ personality. Most of the psychological theories aim at modeling people’s personalities. Lastly, the social theories monitor the social conduct of human beings. Family relationships, love relationships, leadership roles and public conduct among others are some of the branches the social theories enlightens. All of the above theories are rarely in use, but psychologists have coined new theories, which are currently in use. The ruling theories in psychology In the contemporary world, most psychologists use theoretical approach as a treatment technique. Therefore, which are the ruling theories today? The three common theories include psychodynamic, cognitive and humanistic theories. According Sigmund Freud, the study of human beings in an unconscious state may reveal not only their personal problems, but also alert individuals on what they are plannin g next. The cognitive theories study the human mind in relation to their feelings, thoughts and behavior. Lastly, the humanistic perspective, which is similar with the one mentioned previously, connects self-affirmation as a means of realizing human potential (Carver Scheier, 2004 p. 30).Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above three principal theories are common in psychology especially when studying clinical psychology. Moreover, they are the ruling theories because they combine school of thoughts from nearly all psychologists. All the psychological theories are beneficial to students, more so to those who aspire to major in psychological medicine. The pioneers of modern psychology Although psychology is still a young branch of science historically, there are preeminent people behind the development of the discipline. Who are the greatest people recognized in the psychological industry? B. F. Skinner is one of the recognizable persons in the psychology because of his invention of the behaviorism theory and establishment of the psychotherapeutic techniques, which are still in use in the treatment of psychological problems in the current world. The second person is Sigmund Freud who suggested the study of the unconscious mind as a way of initiating personal development. By studying a person who i s unconscious, the psychologist can establish his/her past experiences and determine their plans. Through him, clinical psychology came into existence. Thirdly, Albert Bandura invented the cognitive theory, which stresses on social development of individuals. His book social learning theory is still vital in the psychological training. While Jean Piaget contributed to psychology through studying the behavior and development of children, which most psychologist still rely on to treat children with social, emotional and mental problems. The fifth ace mind behind psychological development is William James who established principles in the field. Similarly, Carl Rogers described the development of the human mind in order to fulfill its potential while Erik Erikson description of the psychosocial development initiated the research on different stages of human development that is child, adolescent, adult and old age. Ivan Pavlov, through experimental procedures, established the quantifica tion of human behaviorism. Finally, Lewin Kurt is the pioneer of the modern psychological techniques. He established the study of human behavior both scientifically and experimentally, which has a considerable impact in the current study of social behavior. The overlooked person’s in psychology Although the world is still trying to fight gender bias in society, the problem became a thorn in the flesh since ancient times. Many women who have contributed to scientific subject like psychology remain unnoticed (Minton, 2001, p.615). Basing from the above list of the major influences in psychology, there are no women mentioned. Sincerely, which are the overlooked voices in the field of psychology? The first woman is Leta Stetter Hollingworth who received her doctorate degree in psychology at thirty but besides teaching and assisting in the treatment of psychological problems in adolescents, defects in infants and abnormalities in women nobody has ever recognized her efforts (Benja min, 1975, p.500). Her society was full of bias especially to the girl child, which motivated to study both the female and male gender comparing their psychological development. She wrote three psychological textbooks, which were decisive in the training of psychology for about twenty years. Furthermore, she researched on the contribution of the environment to character development of children. The second woman is Hellen Bradford Thompson Woolley who studied the roles of women and men in the society. With her credentials in neurology and physiology, she conducted research on the motor nerves, muscles, the hearing, smelling and testing senses in relation to the environmental influences. Besides her contribution to psychology especially in children’s psychology, she remains unrecognized. Mary Whiton Calkins is the next significant figure in psychology. Besides working as untrained assistant in the psychology laboratory, she studied psychology up to the doctorate level where she wrote articles on the human mind and behavioral changes in animals. In addition, she was the first female to lead the APA organization. Therefore, all the three women did a tremendous job in developing psychology as a subject motivating other women in the contemporary world to follow into their footsteps (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987, p. 40). Unfortunately, the society has done little to recognize their efforts because of their gender identity. Conclusion In summary, the discipline of psychology is a new subject that focuses on the study of social, emotional and mental development of human beings. Education qualifications and subsequent training are some of the factors that determine whether an individual will be a clinician, a counselor or a psychiatrist. There are many theories, which have led to the development of the psychological subject but only a few of them still hold. Psychologists rely on the psychodynamic, cognitive, and humanistic theories to assess, diagnose and treat t heir patients. Developed by leading personalities the theories still hold in the current society. Gender bias is one of the problems in the development of psychology as a subject. All the women who pioneered in the development of psychology are unknown mainly because of their gender identification. However, the most significant areas in psychology include education, training, theories and outstanding personalities among others. References Benjafield, G. (1996). A History of Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Benjamin, L. (1975). The pioneering work of Leta Stetter Hollingworth in the psychology of women. Nebraska History, 56, 493-505. Brain, C. (2002). Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.  Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Carver, C., Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality. Boston: Pearson Cheshire, K., Pilgrim, D. (2004). A short introduction to clinical psychology. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Gazzaniga, M. (2010). Psychological Sci ence. New York: W.W. Norton Company. Gray, P. (2010). Foundations for the study of psychology. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. Hall, J., Llewelyn, S. (2006). What is Clinical Psychology? UK: Oxford University Press Hergenhahn, B. (2005). An introduction to the history of psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth Minton, H. (2000). Psychology and gender at the turn of the century. American  Psychologist, 55, 613-615. Scarborough, E., Furumoto, L. (1987). Untold lives: The first generation of American  women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press. Skinner, F. (1974). About Behaviorism. New York: Random House.

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example However, it should be noted that portfolio analysis tools should be applied with caution as each of the individual technique has limitations. These are further elaborated on the discussion of the different tools. The three main portfolio planning tools are The Boston Consulting Group Growth-share Matrix, General Electric Market Attractiveness Competitive Position Model, and Shell Directional Policy Matrix. The Product Life Cycle (PLC) as a portfolio analysis tool highlights four stages in a product's life cycle-introduction, growth, maturity and decline. This technique stresses that products life is limited and each stage in the life cycle offers different levels of potential gains. Thus, companies should employ the right strategies to maximize cash flow. PLC is valuable as a marketing tool because it emphasizes product termination, growth projections, different marketing objectives and strategies in each stage, product planning, and dangers of overpowering. However, it is also recognized that PLC is limited as each product follows a unique life cycle (e.g., fads and classics), PLC is the result of marketing efforts and not the cause, the time span of each stage is unpredictable, and misleading objectives and strategies. The PLC can always be a good tool choice for compani

Compare and Contrast Research Methods Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Compare and Contrast Methods - Research Paper Example research, the first thing that usually takes place is the identification of the topic to be researched on and the method/approach to be used in conducting the research. Normally there are four main approaches and research methods namely quantitative, qualitative, pragmatic/mixed methods. This paper will compare and contrast these research approaches and methods with others used in contemporary business research such as case studies, ethnography, focus groups, and informal and in-depth interviews. Quantitative research is among the most commonly applied research method, and is based on positivism. It involves the collection of data, which is then converted into numerical forms and calculated to give results from which conclusions are made. This type of research usually goes through a number of processes. The first process usually involves the formulation of hypotheses. A hypothesis in this case refers to the question that the research intends to address and involves predicting a possible outcome of the research. However, in order to conduct this research and verify the hypothesis, a number of instruments are normally used which include, among other things, observation checklist, computer tests or paper. Data collection is usually done using various methods such as interviewing, questionnaire, observation and computer packages among others (Johnson, 2008). Quantitative research is founded on an premise that only a one truth exists, which is independent of the researcher’s assumptions. This type of research is also based on objectivity since researchers are expected be impartial as regards their behavior attitudes and presence so as not to influento impact the research outcome. As a research, this school of thought requires the researchers to evaluate their methods and conclusions so as to identify any bias in the result. In this research, researchers are expected to go the extra mile to make sure that what is measure is really, what is supposed to be

Learning Team Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Essay Learning Team A discussed the learning objectives assigned for week three of class. Specifically, the team members discussed strategies to help develop effective groups and teams. The team members also discussed strategies to resolve conflict within organizations. The discussion included topics with which the team members felt comfortable or struggled with and how the weekly topics applied to team members’ business field. This paper summarizes Learning Team A’s discussions. Strategies to Develop Effective Groups and Teams The team members discussed the difference between the definitions of work group and work team. The work group share information and make decisions that assists each member perform tasks in his area of responsibility (Robbins Judge, 2011). The group members do not engage in â€Å"collective work that requires joint effort (Robbins Judge, 2011, Chapter 10) like a work team does. A work group does not create the synergy of a work team. The individual is accountable in a work group but both the individual and team members mutually are accountable. Work group members provide random and varied skills, whereas work team members bring complementary skills to the joint effort. Robbins and Judge (2011) categorized the major characteristics of effective teams into three general categories: context, composition, and process. In the context category, managers play a vital role in providing leadership, structure, a climate of trust, adequate resources, and a performance evaluation and reward systems to assist teams in becoming effective and highly productive. In the composition category, the manager must evaluate and select team members with the appropriate abilities, personalities, and diversity. Managers must determine the appropriate team size and either unilaterally or mutually allocate roles. Managers also must be aware of team member preferences and permit flexibility within the team. In the process category, managers must provide a common purpose and specific goals so team members understand and work toward a common purpose and can create a positive synergy. Additionally, managers must facilitate team efficacy, monitor conflict level, provide conflict resolution strategies, and monitor for social loafing by holding team members accountable individually and jointly. The team members were  comfortable with the concepts and terminology with regard to strategies to help develop effective teams. Team members are aware that many companies are relying on teams to accomplish tasks and goals because teams are flexible and more responsive to a dynamic business environment. Despite being comfortable with the concepts and strategies, the team members struggled with the implementation of some of the strategies. For instance, managers, tasked with building a team for a short-suspensed project, may face difficulties with building an effective, cohesive, committed, and productive team in a short time. Strategies to Resolve Conflict Within Organizations Robbins and Judge (2011) stated â€Å"The conflict process has five stages: potential opposition or incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes† (p. 457). Potential opposition or incompatibility is the first stage of the conflict process, and it has three categories: communication, structure, and personal variables. Stage two is cognition and personalization. Conflict issues are defined in this stage. Moreover, emotions have a major impact on influencing perception. Third, stage three is intentions. â€Å"Intentions intervene between people’s perceptions and emotions and their overt behavior† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 459). There are five conflict-handling intentions: competing, collaborating, avoiding, accommodating, and compromising. Stage four is behavior, which is a vigorous process of communication. Furthermore, there are several techniques to conflict-resolution; for example, problem solving, avoidance, and compromise. There are also conflict-stimulation techniques; for example, communication, bringing in outsiders, and restructuring the organization. Last, stage five is outcomes. The outcomes can be functional; for example, â€Å"when it improves the quality of decisions, stimulates creativity and innovation, encourages interest and curiosity among group members, provides the medium through which problems can be aired and tensions released, and fosters an environment of self-evaluation and change† (Robbins Judge, 2011, p. 463). However, the outcomes can be dysfunctional; for example, uncontrolled opposition can breed discontent, destroy cohesion and eventually could lead to the team destruction. Team members were comfortable with conflict resolution approaches; however, the team learned about conflict-stimulation techniques. The concept was new to  team members because conflict generally has had a negative connotation. The team members as managers will benefit from using both the conflic t-resolution and conflict-stimulation techniques in their workplaces. Conclusion In sum, the team members discussed strategies to help develop effective groups and teams. The team members also discussed strategies to resolve conflict within organizations. The discussion included topics with which the team members felt comfortable or struggled with and how the weekly topics applied to team members’ business field. This paper summarized Learning Team A’s discussions. References Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

My Philosophical Approach To Counseling Essay -- essays research paper

My Philosophical Approach to Counseling Definition of Existential Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One survey taken by Corey suggests a definition of Existential Therapy include two key elements: Existential Therapy is essentially an approach to counseling and therapy rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Self determination and a tendency toward growth are control ideas. Focus is on the present and on what one is becoming; that is the approach has a future orientation. It stresses self-awareness before action. (1996, p.465)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In layman terms, Existential therapy can be described as a philosophical approach that is not designed to cure people but instead help the client reflect and search for value and meaning in life. Existential Therapy does not supply a cookbook of methods like other approaches but instead it provides a framework that is adaptable to the therapist, in which to view the individual and the world in which they participate. Definition of Person-Centered (Client-Centered) Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, client-centered therapy is a non directive method of group or individual psychotherapy, originated by Carl Rogers, in which the role of the therapist is to listen to and reflect or restate without judgment or interpretation the words of the client. Objectives of Existential Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objectives of Existential Therapy are quite unique. Existential counselors are focused on helping the client achieve and expand their self- awareness. Many Therapist assume once self awareness is achieved, the client can examine new ways of dealing with problems and except the responsibility of choosing. Objectives of Client-centered Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objective of client-centered therapy is to assist the client to experience self exploration, so that they can identify problems that are hindering their growth process. Essentially, the main goal of client-centered therapy is to have the client achieve a sense of increased awareness and understanding of his attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. Professional Opinions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...ce of Counseling and Psychotherapy. (Rev. ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Coleman. Hacker, D. J. (1994). An Existential View of Adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence. 14. (3), 300-327. Kendall, P., & Southam-Gerow, M.(1996). Long-term follow-up of a Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Disordered Youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 64.(4), 724-730. Porter, R. L., Wagner W., Johnson, J., & Cox, L. M. (1996). Sexually abused girls' verbalizations in counseling: an application of the client behavior system. [CD-ROM]. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 43. (4), 383-389. Abstract from: Health Reference Center. File Number: 18987461. Westman, A. S., (1992). Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity. Psychological Reports. 71. 1064-1066. Abstract This paper examined two philosophical and humanistic approaches I have chosen as my rationale to counseling and psychotherapy. The paper will define and explain the objectives and techniques of these two dynamic therapies. Furthermore, it will illustrate existential and client-centered therapy's importance in regards to treating adolescence.

The Tempest and “Adam & Eve”

Nature of Man In order to connect with his Christian dominated audience, all of Shakespeare’s plays contain important allusions to the bible. The Tempest is no exception. Throughout the play various allusions to the Genesis story of Adam & Eve are made. This serves to portray men in a state of nature which plants the question of whether men are intrinsically evil or good. In the play the island is described as a Utopia. This can be seen in Gonzalo’s speech in Act 2, Scene 1 â€Å"No kind of traffic would I admit; no name of magistrate; Letters should not be known, riches, poverty and use of service, bound of land none†¦No occupation, all men idle, all, And women too, but innocent and pure (Shakespeare)†. Here Gonzalo describes the type of world he would create for himself if he was ruler of the island. The Utopia he ends up describing has many similarities to the Bible’s Garden of Eden. Gonzalo would reject from the island earthly possessions and inve ntions such as metal, wine and weapons. This would create a world with no possessions and weapons which would keep people in a state of nature where greediness and jealousy would not exist. When Gonzalo says â€Å"Letters† he really means â€Å"Learning†.Banning learning is something very similar to what happened in the Garden of Eden where Adam & Eve were not allowed to eat form the Tree of Knowledge and share God’s wisdom. Having knowledge makes men independent as they will start to do things by themselves which distances them from God and make their own order. Here Shakespeare suggests that just as this was the downfall of Adam & Eve, it will also be the downfall of man. Sebastian comments that marriage would also not be allowed in Gonzalo’s Utopia. In the story of Adam & Eve, they don’t get married until after they had been banished from the Garden of Eve.This suggests that marriage also distracts men and women from God as it makes them depende nt on their partner rather than God. Marriage would also give people a sense of possession on another human which would not be in accordance to Gonzalo’s Utopia. Gonzalo also states that in his Utopia all men and women would be idle. This alludes to the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve did not have to work for food because the land was fruitful. It was not until Adam was expelled from Eden that God cursed the ground so Adam would have to work hard to eat.Also while in the Garden of Eden, Eve was innocent and pure just as Gonzalo describes the women in his Utopia. Adam and Eve were innocent people fed by the abundance brought forth by nature in the Garden of Eve. This is exactly as how Gonzalo describes how he would feed the people in his Utopia. The story of Stephano, Trinculo and Caliban also portrays commentary on the nature of men. When Stephano and Trinculo arrive at the island they are not portrayed as evil but instead as drunken comic characters. While it would be inac curate to describe them as good and innocent men, they definitely suffer a fall in character as the play progresses.Their downfall is in direct correlation to Caliban’s bad influence. In the play, Caliban is portrayed as the devil who is a savage and deformed slave. In the time of Shakespeare, people believed there was a correlation between the outward appearance and someone inner self. In the play Caliban represents man’s worse nature and is the source temptation to Stephano and Trinculo. In the play, Caliban plants evil thoughts in the minds of the unsuspecting Stephano and Trinculo to kill Prospero; Caliban’s real master. This has resemblance to the serpent in the story of Adam & Eve.In the story of the bible Adam & Eve were fooled by a serpent to eat from the Tree of Knowledge so they could gain the knowledge of God. In both The Tempest and the Bible, plan of the tempters (Caliban and the serpent) was only to undermine and overthrown their real masters. Howe ver, in both instances neither the serpent nor Caliban wanted to rule themselves. In the bible, Satan does not eat of the fruit himself and instead seems to want Adam & Eve to rule instead. By giving Adam & Eve power he wanted to cause disorder between humans and God so that he could rule indirectly.Similarly, Caliban wanted Stephano to be ruler of the island as Act 3, Scene 2 says â€Å"Thou shalt be lord of it and I’ll serve thee (Shakespeare). † Caliban only wanted to kill Prospero and not to rule himself. Here the dark side of the state of nature is shown. Caliban represents man’s greediness and want for power. Just as the serpent was the cause of the downfall of Adam & Eve, so will Caliban be the cause of downfall of Stephano and Trinculo. Shakespeare is portraying a state of nature of man similar to Hobbes view were humans are inherently evil. In both the story of Adam & Eve and The Tempest knowledge is the source of Godly power.In The Tempest Caliban says that the only way to defeat Prospero is to take away his books as he says in Act 3 Scene 2 â€Å"Remember first to possess his books, for without them He’s but a sot, as I am, nor hath not one spirit to command. They all do hate him as rootedly as I. Burn but his books (Shakespeare). † In the story of Adam & Eve, the serpent tells Eve that the only reason God is all powerful is because of his knowledge. Therefore, the serpent tells Eve that if she wants to be like God she simply has to eat from the Tree of Knowledge; Genesis 3:4 â€Å"You will not surely die.For God knows that in the day you eat of it your eyes will be opened and you will be like God knowing good and evil. † Here Shakespeare is suggesting that it is human nature to want to be like God. With every invention and scientific breakthrough humans will feel more powerful and therefore more God like. This will make humans less dependent on God and will therefore cause men to distance themselves from Go d. However, over time humans will get a false feeling of power and will try to overthrow God just like the drunk Stephano and Trinculo tried to do to Prospero.In The Tempest Shakespeare explores human nature and its relation to religion. In the end he comes to a conclusion similar to that of Hobbes theory. Shakespeare suggests that as long as humans stay faithful to God they will do fine. However, Shakespeare states that human nature is to distance himself from God and this will in the end be its downfall. In today’s society the distancing from God is fairly obvious; however it still remains to be seen if this will be the downfall of the human race.

Literature Review On Start Stop System - 2172 Words

Literature review on start-stop system Zheng Tang z3430636 Ke Qiu z3446155 Shihao Liu z3439121 MECH9761- AUTOMOBILE ENGINE TECHNOLOGY The University of New South Wales Abstract As the increasing oil price due to the limited petroleum resource on earth, more and more automobile manufacturers focus on fuel-saving rather than engine performance. The approaches applied by most of manufacturers include adding turbo to downsize the engine, weight reduction and improving aerodynamics. Since early 1970s, Toyota first developed and tested the technology called Start-stop which would switch off the engine after sitting stationary for 1.5 seconds. After years of development, engine start-stop technology has been applied by almost all the†¦show more content†¦Traffic noise is the most extensive cause of environmental health problems in the world. Especially in urban environment, the number of people exposed to road noise is at least 5 times greater than all other sources (railways, airports, and industry) [4]. With the increasing number of vehicles equipped with S/S system. It is essential to evaluate the influence on noise emission exerted by S/S system It is also worth mentioning that the combined use of S/S system with some other complimentary designs such as lightweight body could result in tribology issue inside the combustion chamber [5]. Automatic start and stop system wears down the engine, it is possible to cause great extent carbon deposit because of frequent start-stop. Lubricating effect is reduced considering the reflux left after parking; the engine will leave suitable temperature zone, resulting in poor engine operation; in addition, the boot process since the acceleration is large, have a strong impact on automotive components. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Technological development on 12V battery for advanced start-stop vehicles As the core part of start-stop system, battery is required to provide high power, endure shallow cycling and exhibit long cycle life. Lead acid batteries are widely used today considering its low initial cost. However frequent high discharge canShow MoreRelatedImproving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the School Bus Routing Problem1097 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION The Oxford dictionary (2014) defines a route as a path for getting to a certain destination from a start off point. The world is a global market and the journey of continuous expansion is on the rise. The demand for goods and services span from within immediate environments but also transcend cities, borders and continents. 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