Japan essays

Japan expositions The Political, Economical, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Japan Japan has an especially homogeneous culture. Truth be told, both racially and socially, Japan is the most homogeneous of the universes significant countries. This circumstance has permitted Japan to Westernize its economy but then keep up a one of a kind feeling of personality. It started in 1639, when Japans rulers start to see the transformation of thousands of Japanese to Catholicism by Portuguese evangelists and by the potential for dissenters to shape military coalitions with outside countries that smothered Christianity and Japan fixed the island structure the remainder of the world. It was not until 1853 with the appearance of an American maritime group under Commander Matthew Perry that Japan was opened to the outside world. The Japanese had built up a solid feeling of national awareness and pride in their own way of life. The Japanese acknowledged in the 1860's that they needed to receive Western innovation, to modernize their general public if they somehow managed to stay a way from Western mastery. Their way of life had the option to assimilate remote impacts without losing its uniqueness. Accordingly, the Japanese substantiated themselves amazingly adaptable in acquiring from different societies while keeping up their own. Japan is generally a white collar class society. Those at the base of the social scale are either outsiders, Koreans, or local Japanese. Japanese consider themselves having a place with a generally tactless society, despite the fact that they are predominantly a white collar class society. Many regular workers Japanese position themselves as white collar class as a result of Japans flourishing in the 1980's, which permitted them to appreciate significant level of utilization of merchandise and ventures. Consequently their feeling of prosperity expanded their self appraisal of class position. An expected four percent of Japans populace qualifies as privileged. The high society comprises of the individuals who run the huge partnerships, the moderate government officials, and senior civil servants that collab... <! Japan papers Japan is additionally an exceptionally thankful and refined nation. Japan has an enormous, best in class library in for all intents and purposes each significant city The Japanese, who place high an incentive on instruction, go to one of more than 60 national colleges or the innumerable other private organizations there. The Japanese likewise are admirers of a wide range of sports. Baseball, soccer, volleyball, tennis, and skiing are for the most part common top choices Japan is a wondrous nation loaded up with a rich social legacy and numerous traditions that are not quite the same as those in the western world. The traditions in Japan have made numerous dos and donts that make travel to Japan intriguing. Numerous Americans have been liable of social numbness when in Japan..in Japan the religions of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Shinto exist. The Japanese have joined sanctums into their homes empowering them to revere individually and own terms. The Japanese visit familial gravesites ceremonially and have a custom of regarding their dead. Truth be told every year in August the Japanese go on vacation for giving proper respect to there dead. Individuals run to the burial grounds to visit familial graves, imploring and at times in any event, requesting direction in their lives.One of the social traditions in Japan is drinking purpose throughout the winter. This amazing mixed refreshment is produced using rice. Purpose speaks to the wonder of win ter and the customs of Japan. Another conventional beverage ofJapan is hot tea which is standard year around unsweetened and without milk. Anybody visiting a Japanese or Hibachi eatery will be served tea consequently, anyway there is no compelling reason to stress over the tip with respect to lodgings and cafés as of now include a 10 15 % administration charge to the bill. Other social traditions in Japan remember seating for suppers for the floor and getting a charge out of numerous social pleasures, one being crude fish sushi. It is standard to take off your shoes when entering a structure, to bow after welcome, to resp ... <! Japan expositions SPORTS Japan has numerous games. Some resemble our own and some are most certainly not. Some Japanese practice hand to hand fighting. A couple of training Aikido. Aikido is an act of smooth developments. Aikido is drilled to clear your brain. Judo and Karate are rehearsed basically for self preservation. They require quick sharp developments. Different games incorporate baseball, b-ball, golf and skiing. SCHOOLS Japan's schools resemble some other school you would see here in the U.S.A. There is just a single distinction. They communicate in Japanese. In Japan, understudies go to all year school. All year school is the place they go the school throughout the entire year. Japanese children, as you can envision are most likely more intelligent than us. JAPANESE POETRY Japan has given the world numerous wonderful things. Their way of life., conventions and impact have contacted about each part of our lives. The most appreciated, nonetheless, must be in their specialty, regardless of whe ther it is works of art, engineering, theaters, nurseries or verse. For a long time, Japanese artists have composed an exceptional type of verse called Haiku. A Haiku is a short stanza about nature. There is consistently an extraordinary example in the quantity of stanzas. The principal line contains five syllables, the subsequent line contains three syllables and the third line has five. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Japan has an administration simply like our own. In Japan urban communities resemble states. There is an Emperor and there is a representative. The urban areas vote in favor of the administration. The eating routine makes Japan's laws. The eating routine comprises of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. The House of Councilors is comprised of 500 and eleven individuals. The House of Counselors is comprised of 200 and fifty two part. Japan's most noteworthy court is the Supreme Court. There is a Chief of Justice who the sovereign designates. At that point the re are the fourteen different adjudicators who the bureau casts a ballot in. Japan's Armed Forces battle just whenever assaulted first. They keep up air to surface correspondence for self protection. They likewise keep up a n ... <! Japan papers e.) Natural Resources and Land Usage The island of Japan (145,826 sq. mi.) is situated in the North Pacific Ocean. It is limited by on the north by the Sea of Okhotsk, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, and on the west by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Japan is comprised of four islands: Hokkaido, Kyushu, Honshu, and Shikoku. The Entire nation is littler than the territory of Montana. Honshu is the biggest island of the four. It is an uneven island and highlights the Japanese Alps, which is home to Mount Fuji, Japans most noteworthy pinnacle. These Alps additionally harbor numerous dynamic and latent volcanoes. The Kanto Plain, the biggest marsh in the nation spreads from the Alps. Hokkaido, the northernmost and second biggest island is brimming with forested mountains and slopes. Albeit huge in size, Hokkaido just has about 5% of the country living there. The precarious, walled intensely forested mountains that run down the focal point of the island describe Kyushu. Kyushu has moving slopes, wide fields and doesnt have a lot of prolific farmland. Numerous mountains and slopes cross up Shikoku, Japans littlest island. The atmosphere in Japan is commonly mellow. Be that as it may, the temperature for every island changes. For example, in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, the winters are generally sharply cold and the summers are short. In Kyushu, Shikoku, and southern Honshu, the summers are long and sticky and winters are gentle. All zones in Japan are liable to in any event 40 creeps of downpour a year. Tropical storms are basic in pre-fall late-summer. Japan is home to in excess of 17,000 specie ... <! japan articles In Japan And Its World, by Marius B. Jansen, Jansen depicts the changing thoughts the Japanese have had of themselves and the Western world just as the thoughts the Americans has had of the Japanese. The Japanese have needed to adjust to an alternate world but go from a frail nation to a significant force in todays world. In the book Japan From Shogun To Sony, by John R. Roberson, Roberson basically talks about a short history of Japan. He likewise examines Japans difficulties and what it needed to defeat to make it own free status on the planet today. Its distinction from Japan And Its World is that Jansen manages the thoughts affordable status of Japan, while Roberson manages a more noteworthy history. Oda Nobunaga accomplished authority over the territory of Owari in 1559. The same number of other daimyo, he was sharp in joining Japan. Deliberately well found, he prevailing with regards to catching the capital in 1568. Subsequent to building up himself in Kyoto, Nobunaga kept on disposing of his foes. Among them were some aggressor Buddhist camps, particularly the Ikko camp that had gotten extremely incredible in a few territories. Nobunaga demolished the Enryakuji religious community close to Kyoto totally in 1571. His battle against the Ikko organization proceeded until 1580. Or maybe blessed was Nobunaga concerning two of his most perilous adversaries in the East: Takeda Shingen and Uyesugi Kenshin. Them two passed on before they had the option to go up against Nobunaga. After Shingen's demise, Nobunaga crushed the Takeda tribe in the skirmish of Nagashino (1575), utilizing present day fighting. In 1582, general Akechi killed Nobunaga and caught his Azuchi mansion. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a general battling for Nobunaga, responded immediately, vanquished Akechi, and took over control. Hideyoshi kept on dispensing with outstanding adversaries. He limited the Northern areas and Shikoku in 1583 and Kyushu in 1587. In the wake of crushing the Hojo family in Odawara in 1590, Japan was at last rejoined. So as to... <! Japan articles Japan is an island in East Asia. It is situated in the North Pacific Ocean. Japan has four principle islands; Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, in addition to there are numerous littler islands. The all out territory of Japan is 145,884 square miles. The four principle islands make up around 95 percent of Japans an area. The staying 5 percent is the in excess of 3,000 littler islands. The fundamental islands stretch around 1,2

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable For each respectable site, there are handfuls crammed with data that is incorrect, questionable or downright nutty. For the unwary, unpracticed journalistâ or scientist, such destinations can introduce a minefield of potential issues. In view of that, here are eight different ways to tell if a site is solid. 1. Search for Sites from Established Institutions The web is brimming with sites that were begun five minutes prior. What you need are locales related with confided in organizations that have been around for a little while and have a demonstrated reputation of unwavering quality and trustworthiness. Such locales may incorporate those run by government offices, non-benefit organizations,â foundations, or schools and colleges. 2. Search for Sites with Expertise You wouldnt go to an auto specialist on the off chance that you broke your leg, and you wouldnt go to the emergency clinic to have your vehicle fixed. Im making a conspicuous point: Look for sites that have some expertise in the sort of data youre looking for. So if youre composing a story on an influenza episode, look at clinical sites, for example, the Centers for Disease Control, etc. 3. Avoid Commercial Sites Destinations run by organizations and business - their sites typically end in .com - are as a general rule attempting to sell you something. Also, if theyre attempting to sell you something, odds are whatever data theyre introducing will be tilted for their item. This shouldn't imply that corporate destinations ought to be prohibited totally. Be that as it may, be vigilant. 4. Be careful with Bias Journalists expound a great deal on governmental issues, and there are a lot of political sites out there. However, a considerable lot of them are controlled by bunches that have a predisposition for one ideological group or reasoning. A moderate site isnt prone to report impartially on a liberal government official, and the other way around. Avoid locales with a political issue and rather search for ones that are non-factional. 5. Check the Date As a columnist you needâ the most forward-thinking data accessible, so if a site appears to be old, its presumably best to stay away. One approach to check - search for a keep going refreshed date on the page or site. 6. Considerâ the Sites Look On the off chance that a site looks ineffectively structured and crude, odds are it was made by beginners. Stay away. In any case, be cautious - in light of the fact that a site is expertly structured doesnt mean its dependable. 7. Stay away from Anonymous Authors Articles or studies whose writers are named are regularly - however not generally - more dependable than works created secretly. It bodes well: If somebody is eager to put their name on something theyve composed, odds are they remain by the data it contains. What's more, on the off chance that you have the name of the creator, you can generally Google them to check their accreditations. 8. Check the Links Trustworthy sites regularly connection to one another. You can discover which different sites connect to the site youre looking into by directing a connection explicit Google search. Enter the accompanying content into the Google search field, supplanting [WEBSITE] with the area of the webpage youre exploring: link:[WEBSITE].com The indexed lists will give you which sites connect to the one youre inquiring about. On the off chance that loads of destinations are connecting to your site, and those locales appear to be trustworthy, at that point that is a decent sign.

Interview paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meeting paper - Assignment Example noticed that she didn’t see herself as a strict individual, since she accepted that religion and church were optional things and her confidence was the most significant for her. In any case, she called herself Presbyterian, as she has been brought up in this religion admission by her folks and just became acclimated to recognize herself with it. Presbyterian Church is one of the most various Protestant admissions on the domain of the United States. Alabama State, where Sarah lives with her family, is generally possessed by Protestants and Presbyterian Church orders an enormous piece of protestant populace of the state (Balmer and Winner 290). At the point when we began discussing the religion itself Sarah said that some time ago she thought about changing her religion into Catholicism, since her couldn't help thinking that a religion ought to bring order and she accepted that it must have more customs and strict conventions. Nonetheless, in some time she understood that the fundamental preferred position of her religion was that it didn’t require any mediums and even didn’t require going to chapel so as to interface with the Lord. Presbyterian Church has two principle ceremonial services which are the function of Christianizing and the favored law (Balmer and Winner 290). Sarah was Christianized when she turned 21, as indicated by her congregation convention, every parishioner should come to Jesus without anyone else and the function should represent beginning of the connections between the Lord and an individual. In this way when she was 21 years of age Sarah understood that she was prepared to set up these connections and that she was certain beyond a shadow of a doubt about the way that her confidence was not going to be changed ever. Concerning the foundations of her confidence Sarah is considered to have extremely run of the mill for Protestantism convictions about God and His place in her life. She accepts that her confidence is guided by Holy Bible and that what is composed there is the essential fact of the matter. At whatever point Sarah doesn’t comprehend what to do in any circumstance of her life,

Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond - 825 Words

Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond (Essay Sample) Content: Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond Name:Institution:Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 and Beyond Introduction Economic Meaning of Recession Recession is defined as a period characterized by falling economic activities that are spread across the economy. These periods normally last for a few months. The effects of the slowed economy are felt in the real gross domestic product (real GDP), employment, real income, industrial production and also in the wholesale and retail sales. The above factors are the indicators that are observed to determine whether there is a recession in the economy (Krugman, 2009).Fiscal policies Fiscal policy regards the application of taxation and expenditure of the government to influence or impact the economy. This is effective when the government makes a decision on the services and goods it wants to purchase, its transfer paymen ts that it distributes and the taxes that it collects. The basic economic impact of the government changes in the budget is felt by a certain group. For instance, in case of a cut in the amount of tax paid by some families who have children, it increases their amount of disposable income (Buti, 2003).The fiscal policies majorly concentrates on the impacts of the government budget changes in the general economy. The fiscal policies are said to be contractionary or tight when the amount of revenue is more than that used in the government spending. That is, when there is a surplus in the government budget (Buti, 2003). The fiscal policies are as well said to be expansionary or loose when the amount of government spending is higher than that of revenue. In this case, the budget is said to be in deficit. In this case, the focus is on the deficit change and not in the level of change.Monetary policiesMonetary policy constitutes influencing or affecting the availability and the credit cos t and money to promote or encourage a healthy economy. The Fed constitutes the monetary policy authority of the U.S (United States). The Fed has no authority, directly, to control inflation, employment, or output or set the long-term rates of interest. However, it affects these fundamental variables of the economy indirectly principally via its control over the funds rate of the Fed. The most frequently applied monetary policy tool by the Fed is the open market operations (Correia, Nicolini, Teles, 2003).The aggregate demand level is also affected by the fiscal policy. The government meets most of its expenses by issuing bonds when it runs short of cash. This means that the government competes for money with the private borrowers for the monies that are loaned by individual private borrowers. This will crowd out private investments. This works to reduce the fraction of the amount of output that composes the private investment (Buti, 2003).The use of fiscal and monetary policy in the restoration of economic growth and reducing the unemployment levelA free market economy was long supposed that it would be capable of functioning well without any interference from the government. It is still worth noting that the free market economy does not establish the demand for goods and services automatically. Before the year 2008 recession, there was a lot of believe in the quantity theory regarding money. The Federal Reserve was thought to be in a position of preventing any form of future busts and booms. The economic slowdown of the year 2008 shattered such hopes. This led to an augmented stress in the fiscal policy (Grusky, Western, Wimer, 2011).During the year 2008 economic meltdown, the Federal government undertook proactive actions in order to steer the economy. The federal government used its powers and increased the aggregate demand by increasing its amount of spending. This created an easy money form of environment that stimulated the economy through more creat ion of jobs and increased prosperity among the American people. Additionally, the Fed (Federal Reserve) board applied very powerful tools to restore the prosperity of the American economy. The buying/purchasing and selling/offering of the United States government bonds, that is, the open market operation, which had the effect of increasing the supply of money within the economy. In this case, the federal government raised the price of bonds and decreased the interest rate. This encouraged more Americans to sell off their bonds at a higher price to at least benefit from the increased price and not to suffer from continuing to hold onto these bonds that would yield less interest (United States, Congress. Joint Economic Committee, 2008). Consequently, the aggregate effect was an increased amount of money in circulation. The federal government influenced the restoration of the economy by the use of the reserve requirements. This was effected by reducing the amount of the reserve requir ements. This meant that more cash was then available to be lent out to the American people. The final...

Fin 415 Coca-Cola Risk Management - 2525 Words

Coca-Cola Risk Management Plan Proposal Fin/415 Coca-Cola Risk Management Plan Proposal The final project for team B focuses on a risk management plan for the Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola Company took shape in 1886 and remains an international leader in beverage manufacturing and distribution with the company’s background beginning this plan proposal. Risk identification plays a major role in Coke’s continued success with an explanation of the importance of correct identification as well as a list of risks facing the company continuing this summary. A discussion follows regarding the importance of accurate and balanced methods of risks measurement and continues into risk management techniques that include auditing and hedging.†¦show more content†¦6). Other risk factors identified include obesity concerns primarily in the United States, which may reduce the demand for some products. Water scarcity and poor quality could negatively affect Coca-Cola’s system production cost and capacity as well as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rate effects on financial results as further risk factors. Increased competition and the relationship between bottling partners such as financial conditions possibly deteriorating could affect financial results forming other risk factors. An increase in the cost of energy affecting profitability and changes in laws and regulations relating to packaging could increase cost reducing demand for product. Unfavorable economic and political conditions, litigation or legal proceedings exposing significant liabilities, weather conditions, changes in the regulatory environment, and changes in accounting standards and taxation requirements, and global and regional catastrophic events cont inue as possible risk factors capable of affecting operations (Coca-Cola, 2009). Considering these identified risks supports Coca-Cola in future decisions involving risk measurement. Risk Measurement Techniques As regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, Coke maintains an independent auditor to evaluate all accounts and oversee the earnings and financial reports. Risk measurementShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Plan Proposal986 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Management Plan Proposal FIN/415 Background of organization Pepsi Co is a global food and beverage leader with net revenues of more than $65 billion (Pepsico.com, 2012). Pepsi Co began its life in the summer of 1893. In 1893 Caleb Bradham invented â€Å"Brad’s Drink† or Pepsi Cola as it is called today (Pepsistore.com, 2012). By 1898 Caleb Bradham bought a trade name of â€Å"Pep Cola† from a competitor who had gone out of business. On December 24, 1902 the PepsiRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesinto the final version. Chapter 1: Introduction to Valuation Chapter 2: Approaches to Valuation Chapter 3: Understanding Financial Statements Chapter 4: The Basics of Risk Chapter 5: Option Pricing Theory and Models Chapter 6: Market Efficiency: Theory and Models Chapter 7: Riskless Rates and Risk Premiums Chapter 8: Estimating Risk Parameters and Costs of Financing Chapter 9: Measuring Earnings Chapter 10: From Earnings to Cash Flows Chapter 11: Estimating Growth Chapter 12: Closure in Valuation:Read MoreFinancial Ratio Analysis11306 Words   |  46 Pagesand development of product lines resulted in Pfizer moving to Manhatten in 1868 to support its rapid growth; the headquarters remained there for nearly a century. In 1880 Pfizer created citric acid and quickly becomes the leading product as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola gain popularity and demand more of it. This marks another turning point in growth for Pfizer as citric acid launches this company into another market. 1899 marks the 50th anniversary of Pfizer Inc producing high-quality products in anRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership

Essay on Virtue Ethics - 900 Words

Virtue, when I hear that word I think of value and morality and only good people can be virtuous. When I hear the word ethics I think of good versus evil, wrong and right. Now when the two are put together you get virtue ethics. You may wonder what can virtue ethics possibly mean. It’s just two words put together to form some type of fancy theory. Well this paper will discuss virtue ethics and the philosophy behind it. Virtue ethics is a theory that focuses on character development and what virtues one should obtain to be who they are supposed to be, as oppose to actions. An example of virtue ethics would be someone who is patient, kind, loving, generous, temperance, courage and flourishing as oppose to a person who lies, cheats, and†¦show more content†¦Moral relativism explains a point that when it comes to morals, right or wrong, people have their own opinion. Not everyone will think something is bad and not everyone will think something is good. The difference between moral relativism and virtue ethics is that actions do not matter. It is the type of person you are on the inside. Who you are on the inside will help you make righteous decisions, regardless of the circumstances. â€Å"An ethics focused on virtue encourages us to develop the good traits and get rid of the bad ones (Mackinnon).† Virtue ethics was written by a Greek philosopher names Aristotle. Aristotle believed that every human’s goal was happiness. Some philosophers argued that happiness only came from following a set of rules, while Aristotle argued that the best way to have happiness is to cultivate a virtuous character. The two kinds of virtues he recognized were moral virtue and intellectual virtue. The virtue that should be focused on to develop a virtuous character is moral virtue. According to Aristotle, while we are born with a capacity to be virtuous, being virtuous is like a skill that we need to learn and practice to be good at. The key element to being virtuous is being able to find the mean or right amount of our various emotions, dispositions, and actions. Aristotle wrote: â€Å"Anybody can become angry- that is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right degree and at the right time and forShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics1796 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough Hursthouse accepts that virtue ethics ‘†¦cannot tell us what we should do’, she nonetheless reasons in a different way to show how virtue ethics aids us. Furthermore, Hursthouse would refute virtue ethics being insufficiently action-guiding because we have v-rules in the form of virtues and vices to provide action-guidance (Hursthouse, 1999). Elizabeth Anscombe in ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958) also contributed to virtue ethics and put forward the idea that modern moral philosophy is misguidedRead MoreVirtue Ethics And Care Ethics1938 Words   |  8 Pagesparticular—virtue ethics and care ethics, have continued to catch much attention since the mid-twentieth century. Although each of these theories are often associated with one another, they both contain their own distinct philosophies. As a result, it is important to clearly understand what each theory entails before concluding that one is derived from the other. Although virtue ethics and care ethics share similar beliefs and rejections, virtue ethics is clearly separate from care ethics. VirtueRead MoreVirtue Ethics1184 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Virtue ethics is a theory used to make moral decisions. It does not rely on religion, society or culture; it only depends on the individuals themselves. The main philosopher of Virtue Ethics is Aristotle. His theory was originally introduced in ancient Greek times. Aristotle was a great believer in virtues and the meaning of virtue to him meant being able to fulfil ones functions. Virtue ethics is not so much interested in the question What should I do? but rather in theRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics1502 Words   |  7 PagesVirtue ethics is a philosophical theory that focuses on what sort of person one should be, instead of on actions. Aristotle focuses greatly on virtue ethics in his writing, and is a strong believer in a moral person being one of virtue. He is seen as the person whodeveloped the theory. Unlike some of the other ethical theories, virtue ethics focuses on what makes a life moral, not so much how to become moral, or behave morally. For example, utilitarianism questions how one should act in certain situationsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics925 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue ethics is a normative theory whose foundations were laid by Aristotle. This theory approaches normative ethics in substantially different ways than consequentialist and deontological theories. In this essay, I will contrast and compare virtue ethics to utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kantianism to demonstrate these differences. There is one fundamental aspect of virtue ethics that sets it apart from the other theories I will discuss. For the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, I willRead MoreEthics Of Caring And Virtue910 Words   |  4 PagesEthics of Caring and Virtue Ethics of virtue is the belief that if a person wants to be considered good, they do good things (Pollock, 1988). In ethics of virtue, happiness is always the outcome of a situation. The main premise of virtue theory lies upon three main principles; virtues, practical wisdom and eudemonia. A virtue is a mean state which lays between two vices. A virtue is a characteristic a virtuous person possesses, for example courage. Courage is a virtue which lays between cowardiceRead MoreEthics, Deontological, And Virtue1690 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, we are all expected to be more open-minded and respecting of others way of life and culture. That’s what being a Global Citizen is about. Through Global Ethics we have learned so far, that we can all relate to three important moral theories. These theories are known as Consequentialist (Utilitarian), Deontological, and Virtue. Through this paper I will also be discussing a case study found in chapter two, based on the Selling of Human Body Parts, and how it’s seen through the lenses ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Virtue Ethics Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages‘Virtue ethics’, is an agent-centred approach in normative ethics that stresses the importance of moral characters and virtues, which is unlike the two other major approaches in the field (Hursthouse, 2013) . Deontology rather emphasises the use of duties and rules, and utilitarianism emphasises the importance of consequences of one’s actions (Hursthouse, 2001). Aristotle’s (2009) theory of virtue ethics is the most widely recognised, he believes that the virtuous person is one who exhibits desirableRead MoreWhy Is Virtue Ethics?1881 Words   |  8 PagesWhen considering virtue ethics, the focus of an individual’s morality is based on their character rather than any one of their specific actions. When confronted with a difficult situation virtue ethicist would strive to always act virtuously, or as someone with idea l character traits would. Aristotle defined these ideal character traits as traits that are derived â€Å"from natural internal tendencies†, and that these traits â€Å"need to be nurtured; however, once established, they will become stable.† [1]Read MoreAn Argument On Virtue Ethics Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pageswould do. However, this response fails to recognize that certainty is not just In this paper, I will critically examine Rosalind Hursthouse’s argument on â€Å"Virtue Ethics† about the reasoning of a virtuous person by delving into the topic. I will then expose a particular problem within it. Perhaps the strongest point of the argument on â€Å"Virtue Ethics† that Hursthouse gives relies on the claim of moral philosophy. Moral philosophy claims that a virtuous person would act and make decisions like what a virtuous

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereo Essay Example For Students

Critically Evaluate The Cognitive Theory Of Stereo Essay typing. Critically evaluate the cognitive theory of stereotyping. B231: Social Interaction, Exam Paper 1998, Question 4. Graeme GordonStereotyping is a form of pre judgement that is as prevalent in todays society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorisation is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a depressing dilemma. Browns (1995) definition of stereotyping through prejudice is the holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership to that group. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyches within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as thinking ill of others without warrant, is that people make their mind up without any personal experience. This pre judgement about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatisation of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorisation and the above definitions that bring about three distinct features of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through. The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalisation. A number of studies conducted found that different combinations of traits were associated with groups of different ethnic and national origin (Katz and Braly, 1933). However, stereotyping does not imply that all members of a group are judged in these ways, just that a typical member of a group can be categorised in such judgements, that they possess the characteristics of the group. Still, when we talk of a group, we do so by imagining a member of that group. The second feature and characteristic of stereotyping is the exaggeration of the difference between ones own group (the in-group) and the other group (the out-group). This can be traced back to the work of Tajfel during the 1950s the accentuation principle (Tajfel, 1981). Tajfels work was specifically on physical stimuli, and concluded that judgements on such stimuli are not made in isolation, but in the context of other factors. Applied socially a judgement about an out-group relies upon other factors surrounding the judgement in question, as well as making a statement about the in-group and the relationship between the two groups. Through stereotyping and categorisation we exaggerate the differences between the groups. From this comes the effect that in believing an out-group is homogenous, through exaggerated differences, their in-group is not with very much less over-generalisation taking place (Linville, et al., 1986). The third characteristic of stereotyping is that of the expression of values. Most stereotypical judgements of group characteristics are in fact moral evaluations (Howitt, et al., 1989). For example, Katz and Braly (1933) studied a group of students attitudes to towards minority groups. They found that Jews were attributed to being mean (in terms of money), rather than they themselves being spendthrifts. Also, they found that there was a strong view that French people were excitable. This actually implies that they are over-excitable above the norm, as everybody is excitable, per se, and thus there would be no necessity to mention it. Concluding from this, it is valid to say that a value has been put on a characteristic in this case, a stereotypical one. A criticism with much of this research is that participants are asked to make judgements out of social context in abstract situations. Howitt, et al. (1989) say that this leads to a derogatory implication: that attributing a group with a characteristic is also withholding others. However, stereotyping leads to more than merely placing an adjective onto a group or category. The cognitive processes that give reason to stereotyping are much deeper than this, giving rise to the above characteristics. The cognitive approach to stereotyping is that we all stereotype, at varying levels because of the essential cognitive process of categorisation (Brown, 1995). Howitt, et al. (1989) take this view also, and add that it is an ordinary process of thought to over-generalise, and then protect it. We live in a complex social environment, which we need to simplify into groups, or categories. This simplification is present at all levels of life it is part of our language, distinguishing between dog and cat, male and female, and even in the basic motives of distinguishing between food and non-food. Such categorisation may seem linguistically simple, but is essential for example, the classification of elements and organisms by biologists and chemists: one of the most basic functions of all organisms is the cutting up of the environment into classifications (Rosch, et al., 1976). However, the point must be made that, even though language suggests so, categorisation leads to different functions and features in non-humans and humans. For stereotyping is not present in non-humans, thus, we may come to the conclusion that stereotyping is possible through linguistics this topic is discussed further later. This categorisation also has varying depths of moral meaning, or value, which c an lead to varying levels of stereotyping. For example, the categorisation of Catholic Protestant in Northern Ireland. Categorisation is seen as a way of ordering what we perceive (Billig, 1985), stimuli of the external world that needs to be simplified, using iconic images, to pass into our short-term memory (Neisser, 1976). This simplification process transforms James blooming, buzzing confusion into a more manageable world in which it is easier to adapt categorisation is a cognitive adaptation. For we do not have the capability to respond differently to each stimulus, whether it be a person, an object, or an event. Categorisation is important in every day life, as well as in the most extreme of circumstances for example, the discrimination between friend and foe. For categorisation to be useful, we enhance the difference between groups. This was found to be the case at both social and physical levels, and later became known as the accentuation principle (see above). However, the distinction between physical stimuli and social objects must be made clear. We ourselves our social objects, thus, we are implicated by such categorisations. As Hogg and Abrams (1988) state: it would be perilous to disregard this consideration. This can be seen in the accentuation of out-group homogeneity (Park and Rothbart, 1982). Cardiac Phsiology EssayWe are aware of the possibility and ability to change. However, we do not express this flexibility because it is a disruption of the norm, or, of the social group-thought. Goffman (1959) views everyday life as dramaturgical (All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players Shakespeare). To disrupt this would be to change the script, and break out of the conformity of the social group, self-to-self and to others. Even so, this illustrates that through our ability to categorise, we have the ability to particularise and do more with the stimuli than accumulate more instances of predetermined categories (Billig, 1985). In Billigs alternative approach to stereotyping, he also raises the point of category selection a problem that cognitive psychologists have often overlooked. Tversky and Gati (1978) found that different stimuli are judged on their similarities and differences before categorisation and this judgement can be different depending on wh at way the stimuli is perceived. Billigs point is that we must particularise before categorising and thus a link has been formed. Categorisation implies a rigidity in our cognition. Stereotypes, by nature, are over generalisations. Such inflexibility is not a possible process of our cognition categorisation do not exist in isolation (Billig, 1985). As categorisation leads to many categories, through its definition, surely only one such category could possibly be so rigid and inflexible, as other categories must be used by it, and thus be flexible. Therefore, categorisation is not a rigid process, but involves change which is reflective of our cognition and change is possible (conflicting with Allports definition). The difference between two groups affects other attributes of the out-group, including those that are similar to the in-group. By subdividing further such similarities, we are initiating a defence against change in our attitudes and categories. This inventiveness is another example of the flexibility of categorisation. In the most extreme cases, this can lead to an inventiveness demonstrated by racial theorists, which in fact, contradicts their prejudice and rigidity of categories. This flexibility can be illustrated further by studies that have shown that in stereotyping, people imply that most of a group posses a stereotypic trait but not all members. Thus, is the need for special cases, realisation of individualisation and tolerance (Billig, 1985). According to the cognitive approach, stereotyping is a group process. It may occur in groups, but it is the individual psyches that make up the group, that project their stereotypes through a group. We do have the ability to see people as individuals and particularise their unique characteristics. We can change, as even categorisation is flexible, which undermines the cognitive approach with categorisation, although it may take time on a social level. To conclude, the cognitive approach alone does not give us an understanding of stereotyping. However, it does anchor the fact that through our natural thought processes we do categorise, which leads to stereotyping. It also highlights the importance of the individual and the group. There are, however, problems that have been overlooked by cognitive psychologists which we need to understand, in order to fully understand the changing dynamics and nature of stereotyping in our society (Howitt, et al., 1989). There is also the need to look further than the causes of stereotyping and into its effects in order to understand the processes of our thought, of stereotyping. ReferencesALLPORT, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. London: Addison-Wesley. BILLIG, M. (1985). Prejudice, categorisation and particularisation: From a perceptual rhetorical approach, European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 70-103. BROWN, R. (1995). Prejudice. Oxford: Blackwell and Cambridge, Massachusetts. DUNCAN, B.L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping blacks, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598. ESSED, P. (1988). 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